Newcastle, Australia

Newcastle is a metropolitan area in New South Wales, Australia, at the mouth of the Hunter River about 162 kilometers north-northeast of Sydney, on land traditionally known to the Awabakal people as Mulubinba. Established in 1804 as a convict settlement, it is described as the largest coal-exporting harbour in the world, having exported 143 million tonnes of coal in 2022, and has diversified since into education and healthcare. Its metropolitan area held about 508,437 residents at the 2021 census, the second-most-populous urban center in New South Wales after Sydney and the seventh-largest in Australia.