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Spain

Also Known As Kingdom of Spain
Southern Europe

Spain occupies most of the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe, bordered by Portugal to the west, France across the Pyrenees to the northeast, and the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean along its long coastlines. Its present state emerged gradually rather than at a single founding moment: the medieval Christian kingdoms of the peninsula fought a centuries-long Reconquista against Muslim al-Andalus, and Castile and Aragon were joined in dynastic union by the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic Monarchs, whose forces completed the Reconquista with the fall of Granada in 1492, the same year Columbus sailed under their patronage. Its capital, Madrid, sits near the geographic center of the peninsula on the high Meseta Central plateau.

Facts
Capital
Madrid 2
Madrid was made Spain permanent capital in 1561 under Philip II; before that the royal court itself moved among cities.
Population
49,752,000 2
Britannica 2026 estimate.
Population Estimate Year
2026 2
Area (sq km)
505,983 2
Partially Attested
Independence or Founding Year
1492 2
Spain was never a colony that won independence on a single date; its statehood is the product of a gradual dynastic union of Castile and Aragon (from 1469) and the completion of the centuries-long Reconquista, conventionally dated to the fall of Granada in 1492. 1492 is recorded here as that conventional unification milestone, honestly dated as an era rather than a founding day.
Classification
Sovereignty Status
UN Member State 1
Learn More
A Country Without a Founding Day

This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.

Most countries on this atlas can point to a single proclamation, treaty or parliament session as the day the state began. Spain cannot, and the honest answer to when Spain was founded is that no one date is really correct. Castile and Aragon, the two largest Christian kingdoms of medieval Iberia, were joined not by conquest but by marriage, when Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile wed in 1469 and began ruling their two kingdoms jointly while each kingdom kept its own laws, courts and institutions for centuries afterward. The Reconquista, the centuries-long Christian reclamation of the peninsula from Muslim al-Andalus, reached its final act under their joint rule with the fall of Granada in January 1492, the same year Columbus sailed with their backing. 1492 is the conventional marker this atlas uses for Spain, but it marks the completion of a war, not the creation of a government, and true administrative unification of Castile and Aragon under one crown, one law and one capital took centuries longer still to finish.

Madrid, the Capital Nobody Owned

This article records tradition as it has been passed down and reported. Its sources are not yet part of the atlas's verified catalogue.

When Philip II moved the Spanish royal court to Madrid in 1561, he was not choosing the country's grandest city. Toledo, Seville and Valladolid all had older claims, established church hierarchies, wealthy merchant classes and, crucially, entrenched local nobility who expected the crown to answer to their interests. Madrid, by contrast, was a modest town with no cathedral of note and no powerful resident aristocracy, sitting near the geographic center of the Iberian Peninsula on the high, dry Meseta Central plateau. That obscurity was the point. A capital with no existing power base of its own could be built up entirely as an instrument of royal authority, beholden to the crown rather than to a bishop or a ducal family who had been running the city for generations before the king arrived. Madrid remained the capital from that choice onward, with one interruption when the royal court relocated to Valladolid from 1601 to 1606 under Philip III before returning to Madrid for good, and the city's later growth into a metropolis of the size Spain now has was a consequence of the decision rather than a reason for it.

Spain

Cities

Filter Cities59 entries

Showing 1 to 50 of 59 in Cities, page 1 of 2.

FAQs

Why is 1492 given as the date of Spain's independence?

1492 is the year Granada fell, which completed the unification of the Christian kingdoms and is traditionally taken as the forging of present-day Spain.

No single founding moment created Spain, so 1492 stands in for one. Before the Muslim occupation that began in the early 8th century, the Iberian peninsula held a variety of independent kingdoms. The small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, and it ended with the seizure of Granada in 1492. That completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain.
Connections

Associated With

Andalusia, States or Territories

Andalusia is a autonomous community of Spain.

Source Andalusia (Wikipedia)
Aragon, States or Territories

Aragon is an autonomous community of Spain.

Source Aragon (Wikipedia)
Barcelona, Cities
Source Barcelona (Wikipedia)
Bilbao, Cities
Catalonia, States or Territories

Catalonia is a autonomous community of Spain.

Source Catalonia (Wikipedia)

Community of Madrid is a autonomous community of Spain.

Source Community of Madrid (Wikipedia)
Source Donana National Park (Wikipedia)
Madrid, Cities

Madrid is the capital of Spain.

Source Madrid (Wikipedia)
Málaga, Cities
Source Malaga (Wikipedia)
Murcia, Cities
Source Murcia (Wikipedia)
Philippines, Countries

This source names Spain directly: "Colonized by Spain from the sixteenth century and ceded to the United States in 1898 after the Spanish-American War, it was granted independence by the United States on 4 July 1946 following the..."

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica
Pyrenees, Landforms

Region of Murcia is an autonomous community of Spain.

Source Region of Murcia (Wikipedia)
Seville, Cities
Source Seville (Wikipedia)
The Caribbean, Regions

This source names Spain directly: "Colonized in overlapping waves by Spain, Britain, France, and the Netherlands, its islands remain linguistically and politically fragmented even as a shared plantation history and creole cultures..."

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica

Peninsular Spain makes up almost all of the Iberian Peninsula together with Portugal.

Source Iberian Peninsula (Wikipedia)
Valencia, Cities
Source Valencia (Wikipedia)

Valencian Community is a autonomous community of Spain.

Source Valencian Community (Wikipedia)
Zaragoza, Cities
Source Zaragoza (Wikipedia)

Bordered By Water

Has Capital

Madrid, Cities

Madrid is the capital of Spain.

Source Madrid (Wikipedia)

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Source Wikidata: Carlos Rein Segura

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Source Wikidata: Carlos Romero Herrera

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Source Wikidata: Cirilo del Rio Rodriguez

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Source Wikidata: Elena Espinosa

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Source Wikidata: Fernando Abril Martorell

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Source Wikidata: Isabel Garcia Tejerina

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Source Wikidata: Jaime Lamo de Espinosa

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Source Wikidata: Joaquin Benjumea Burin

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Source José Enrique Martínez Genique (Wikipedia)Lead paragraph
Quote, Lead paragraph
is a Spanish politician

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Source Wikidata: Jose Luis Garcia Ferrero

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Source Wikidata: Loyola de Palacio

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Source Luis María Atienza (Wikipedia)Lead paragraph
Quote, Lead paragraph
is a Spanish politician and businessman

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Source Wikidata: Luis Planas

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Source Wikidata: Manuel Gimenez Fernandez

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Source Wikidata: Marcelino Domingo

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Source Wikidata: Miguel Arias Canete

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Source Wikidata: Miguel Primo de Rivera y Saenz de Heredia

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Source Wikidata: Nicasio Velayos Velayos

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Source Wikidata: Pedro Solbes

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Source Wikidata: Rafael Cavestany de Anduaga

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Source Wikidata: Raimundo Fernandez-Cuesta

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Source Wikidata: Rosa Aguilar

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Source Wikidata: Tomas Allende y Garcia-Baxter

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Source Wikidata: Vicente Albero

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Source Wikidata: Vicente Uribe

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Source Virgilio Oñate Gil (Wikipedia)Lead paragraph
Quote, Lead paragraph
was a Spanish politician

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Source Wikidata: Bartolome Esteban Murillo

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Source Diego Velazquez, WikipediaLead sentence 1
Quote, Lead sentence 1
Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez (baptised 6 June 1599 – 6 August 1660) was a Spanish Baroque painter, the leading artist in the court of King Philip IV of Spain and Portugal, and of the Spanish Golden Age.

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Source Getty Research Institute, Union List of Artist Names: Getty ULAN record for Enrique SimonetRecord display
Quote, Record display
Simonet Lombardo, Enric (Spanish painter, 1863-1927)

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Source Wikidata: Jaume Busquets

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Origin Of

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Source Churrigueresque - Wikipedia

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Source Getty Research Institute, Art and Architecture Thesaurus: MoorishScope note
Quote, Scope note
The style predominated approximately from the eighth to the 15th century in Spain and the region of Mauretania in North Africa

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Source Getty Research Institute: Union List of Artist Names: Alonso CanoBirth and Death Places
Quote, Birth and Death Places
Born: Granada (Granada province, Andalusia, Spain) (inhabited place)

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Source Wikipedia: Fernando Yanez de la AlmedinaWikipedia intro
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born in Almedina, Spain

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Source Getty Research Institute, Union List of Artist Names: Getty ULAN record for Juan Bautista MaínoBirth and Death Places
Quote, Birth and Death Places
Born: Pastrana (Guadalajara province, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain) (inhabited place)

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Source Getty Research Institute Union List of Artist Names: Abadía, Juan de la (Spanish painter, active ca. 1470-1500)Birth and Death Places
Quote, Birth and Death Places
Born: Huesca (Huesca province, Aragon, Spain) (inhabited place)

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Source Wikipedia: Juan Sánchez CotánEarly life
Quote, Early life
was born in the town of Orgaz, near Toledo, Spain

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Source Getty Research Institute: Union List of Artist Names: Jusepe de RiberaBirth and Death Places
Quote, Birth and Death Places
Born: Játiva (Valencia province, Valencia region, Spain) (inhabited place)

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Source Getty Research Institute, Union List of Artist Names: Getty ULAN record for Luis TristánBirth and Death Places
Quote, Birth and Death Places
Born: Toledo (Toledo province, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain) (inhabited place)

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Source Gardner's Art Through the AgesFred S. Kleiner (after Helen Gardner)

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Source Getty Research Institute: Union List of Artist Names: Pedro Atanasio BocanegraBirth and Death Places
Quote, Birth and Death Places
Born: Granada (Granada province, Andalusia, Spain) (inhabited place)

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Source Gardner's Art Through the AgesFred S. Kleiner (after Helen Gardner)

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Source Land Without Bread - WikipediaLead sentence 1
Quote, Lead sentence 1
Las Hurdes: Tierra Sin Pan (English: Land Without Bread or Unpromised Land) is a 1933 French-language Spanish pseudo-documentary (ethnofiction) short film directed by Luis Buñuel and co-produced by Buñuel and Ramón Acin.

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Source Money Heist (Wikipedia)Lead sentence 1
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Money Heist (Spanish: La casa de papel, [la ˈkasa ðe paˈpel], lit. 'The House of Paper') is a Spanish heist crime drama television series created by Álex Pina.

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Source Wikipedia: Pan's LabyrinthLead sentence 1
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Pan's Labyrinth (Spanish: El laberinto del fauno, lit. 'The Labyrinth of the Faun') is a 2006 Spanish-language dark fantasy film produced, written, and directed by Guillermo del Toro.

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Talk To Her (Spanish: Hable Con Ella) is a 2002 Spanish psychological melodrama film, written and directed by Pedro Almodóvar.

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Site Of

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Source Alcazar of Seville (Wikipedia)Lead paragraph of the cited Wikipedia articletier 3
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The Alcázar of Seville, officially called Royal Alcázar of Seville (Spanish: Real Alcázar de Sevilla or Reales Alcázares de Sevilla), is a historic royal palace in Seville, Spain and one of the official residences of the Spanish royal family.

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Source Archiepiscopal Palace of Alcala de Henares (Wikipedia)

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Source Casa Batllo, WikipediaLead sentence 1
Quote, Lead sentence 1
Casa Batlló (Catalan pronunciation: [ˈkazə βəˈʎːo] ) is a building in the center of Barcelona, Spain.

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Source Casa de la Sirena (Wikipedia)

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Source Alcázar of Seville (Wikipedia)Lead paragraph of the cited Wikipedia article
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The Alcázar of Seville, officially called Royal Alcázar of Seville (Spanish: Real Alcázar de Sevilla or Reales Alcázares de Sevilla), is a historic royal palace in Seville, Spain and one of the official residences of the Spanish royal family.

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Source Alhambra (Wikipedia)Lead sentence 1
Quote, Lead sentence 1
The Alhambra (, Spanish: [aˈlambɾa]; Arabic: الْحَمْرَاء, romanized: al-ḥamrāʼ ) is a palace and fortress complex located in Granada, Spain.

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Source Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Awakening (Wikipedia)

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Source Ecce Homo (García Martínez and Giménez) (Wikipedia)Lead paragraph of the cited Wikipedia article
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The Ecce Homo (Latin: "Behold the Man") in the Sanctuary of Mercy church (Santuario de Misericordia) in Borja, Spain, is a fresco painted circa 1930 by the Spanish painter Elías García Martínez that depicts Jesus crowned with thorns.

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Source Equestrian Portrait of Prince Balthasar Charles (Wikipedia)

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Source Gardner's Art Through the AgesFred S. Kleiner (after Helen Gardner)

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Source Portrait of Sebastián de Morra (Wikipedia)Lead paragraph of the cited Wikipedia article
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The Portrait of Sebastián de Morra is a painting by Diego Velázquez of Sebastián de Morra, a court dwarf and jester at the court of Philip IV of Spain.

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Found There

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Sources
1. Member States of the United Nations (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationIntroduction
Quote, Introduction
The United Nations comprise 193 sovereign states and the world's largest intergovernmental organization.
View the Source
2. Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
  • Spain: History, Map, Flag, Population, Currency, Climate, and Facts
  • On Continent: Europe
View the Source
Wikidata: Spain
Wikidata Q29, class allow-list match (w-wdresolver-0926)View the Source
Madrid (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationHas Capital: Madrid, Lead section, capital fact
Quote, Has Capital: Madrid, Lead section, capital fact
Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain.
View the Source
Barcelona (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Barcelona, Infobox, Country
Quote, Associated With: Barcelona, Infobox, Country
Spain
View the Source
Seville (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Seville, Infobox, Country
Quote, Associated With: Seville, Infobox, Country
Spain
View the Source
Valencia (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Valencia, Infobox, Country
Quote, Associated With: Valencia, Infobox, Country
Spain
View the Source
Malaga (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Málaga, Infobox, Country
Quote, Associated With: Málaga, Infobox, Country
spain
View the Source
Zaragoza (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Zaragoza, Infobox, Country
Quote, Associated With: Zaragoza, Infobox, Country
spain
View the Source
Murcia (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Murcia, Infobox, Country
Quote, Associated With: Murcia, Infobox, Country
spain
View the Source
Iberian Peninsula (Wikipedia)
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: The Iberian Peninsula, Lead section
Quote, Associated With: The Iberian Peninsula, Lead section
includes Peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, which together make up almost all of the region, as well as Andorra, Gibraltar, and a small part of Metropolitan France.
View the Source
Wikidata: Playa de Gulpiyuri
Encompasses: Playa de Gulpiyuri, Wikidata item, property P17 (country)View the Source
Wikidata: Picos de Europa National Park
Encompasses: Picos de Europa National Park, Wikidata item, property P17 (country)View the Source
Wikidata: Caldera de Taburiente National Park
Encompasses: Caldera de Taburiente National Park, Wikidata item, property P17 (country)View the Source
Wikidata: Teide National Park
Encompasses: Teide National Park, Wikidata item, property P17 (country)View the Source
Wikidata: Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park
Encompasses: Aigüestortes i Estany de Sant Maurici National Park, Wikidata item, property P17 (country)View the Source
Wikidata: Timanfaya National Park
Encompasses: Timanfaya National Park, Wikidata item, property P17 (country)View the Source
Wikidata: Tablas de Daimiel National Park
Encompasses: Tablas de Daimiel National Park, Wikidata item, property P17 (country)View the Source
Wikidata: Garajonay National Park
Encompasses: Garajonay National Park, Wikidata item, property P17 (country)View the Source
Wikidata: Cabañeros National Park
Encompasses: Cabañeros National Park, Wikidata item, property P17 (country)View the Source
Wikidata: Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park
Encompasses: Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park, Wikidata item, property P17 (country)View the Source
Wikidata: Monfragüe National Park
Encompasses: Monfragüe National Park, Wikidata item, property P17 (country)View the Source
Wikidata: Sierra de las Nieves National Park
Encompasses: Sierra de las Nieves National Park, Wikidata item, property P17 (country)View the Source
Aragon (Wikipedia)
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Aragó [əɾəˈɣo]) is an autonomous community in Spain,
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Region of Murcia (Wikipedia)
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Regió de Múrcia) is an autonomous community of Spain
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Andalusia (Wikipedia)
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also [-ˈsi.a]) is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain,
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Catalonia (Wikipedia)
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Catalonia is an autonomous community of Spain,
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Valencian Community (Wikipedia)
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Valencian Community is an autonomous community of Spain.
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Community of Madrid (Wikipedia)
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Madrid is one of the seventeen autonomous communities and 50 provinces of Spain.
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Donana National Park (Wikipedia)
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Natural de Doñana is a natural reserve in Andalusia, southern Spain,
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Cabrera Archipelago Maritime-Terrestrial National Park (Wikipedia)
Encompasses: Cabrera Archipelago Maritime-Terrestrial National Park, Lead paragraph
Quote, Encompasses: Cabrera Archipelago Maritime-Terrestrial National Park, Lead paragraph
Balears, Spanish: Islas Baleares), an autonomous community that is part of Spain.
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Guadarrama National Park (Wikipedia)
Encompasses: Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Lead paragraph
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de Guadarrama) is a national park in Spain,
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Vivar del Cid (Wikipedia)
Encompasses: Vivar del Cid, Lead
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is a village of approximately 260 inhabitants, part of the municipality of Quintanilla Vivar, located 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) from Burgos, Spain
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